Efectividad de las intervenciones enfermeras en la prevención de caídas en adultos mayores en la comunidad y en entornos sanitarios: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ECA / Effectiveness of nursing interventions in the prevention of falls in older adults in the community and in health care settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCT

Objetivo: Estimar la efectividad de los programas de prevención de caídas en mayores de 65 años en los que participan profesionales de enfermería. Métodos: Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados disponibles a texto completo sobre la prevención de caídas en la comunidad realizada por enfermeras en personas mayores de 65 años y que informaran de la incidencia de dichas caídas. Se analizaron 14 bases de datos en el período de 2016 a 2018 de publicaciones en inglés, francés, portugués y español. La calidad de los artículos se evaluó de manera independiente y ciega por los revisores, que trabajaron en parejas usando para ello los dominios de riesgo de riesgo de la Colaboración Cochrane. Se utilizó el cociente de riesgos como medida del tamaño de efecto. Se asumió un modelo de efectos aleatorios para los análisis estadísticos. La influencia de las variables moderadoras de los estudios sobre los tamaños de efecto se realizó mediante ANOVA con un intervalo de confianza del 95% para cada categoría. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 31 estudios con 25.551 participantes, donde la intervención más frecuente fue la educación (57,1%), seguida de los modelos multifactoriales (37,1%). La probabilidad de caídas se redujo significativamente en los grupos intervención (RR +=0,87). Las intervenciones multifactoriales (RR +=0,89) y basadas en la educación (RR=+0,84) redujeron significativamente la probabilidad de caídas. Conclusiones: Descartando el sesgo de publicación, los programas de prevención llevados a cabo por enfermeras producen una reducción significativa del 10% de las caídas. Las intervenciones basadas en la educación y multifactoriales son las más efectivas cuando son llevadas a cabo por enfermeras.(AU)

Objective: To estimate the effectiveness of fall prevention programs in people aged 65 years and older involving nursing professionals. Methods: We included available full-text randomized clinical trials on nurse-led prevention of falls in the community in people over 65 years of age and reporting the incidence of such falls. An extensive search was performed in 14 databases covering the period 2016 to 2018 for publications in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. The quality of the papers was assessed independently and blindly by reviewers working in pairs using the risk of bias dominios of the Cochrane Collaboration. The hazard ratio was used as a measure of the effect size of the incidence of falls. A random-effects model was assumed for statistical analyses. The influence of moderator variables of the studies on the effect sizes was performed using ANOVAs and its 95% CI for each moderator category. Results: A total of 31 randomized clinical trials were selected with 25,551 participants. The most frequent type of intervention was education (57.1%), followed by multifactorial models (37.1%). The probability of falling was significantly reduced by 13% in the intervention groups compared to the control groups (RR +=0.87). Multifactorial (RR +=0.89) and education-based (RR=+0.84) interventions significantly reduced the probability of falls by 11% and 16%, respectively. Conclusions: Discarding publication bias prevention programs carried out by nurses produce a significant 10% reduction in falls. Education-based and multifactorial interventions are the most effective when conducted by nurses.(AU)

Effectiveness of nursing interventions in the prevention of falls in older adults in the community and in health care settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCT.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effectiveness of fall prevention programs in people aged 65 years and older involving nursing professionals. METHODS: We included available full-text randomized clinical trials on nurse-led prevention of falls in the community in people over 65 years of age and reporting the incidence of such falls. An extensive search was performed in 14 databases covering the period 2016-2018 for publications in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. The quality of the papers was assessed independently and blindly by reviewers working in pairs using the risk of bias dominios of the Cochrane Collaboration. The hazard ratio was used as a measure of the effect size of the incidence of falls. A random-effects model was assumed for statistical analyses. The influence of moderator variables of the studies on the effect sizes was performed using ANOVAs and its 95% CI for each moderator category. RESULTS: A total of 31 randomized clinical trials were selected with 25,551 participants. The most frequent type of intervention was education (57.1%), followed by multifactorial models (37.1%). The probability of falling was significantly reduced by 13% in the intervention groups compared to the control groups (RR+=0.87). Multifactorial (RR+=0.89) and education-based (RR=+0.84) interventions significantly reduced the probability of falls by 11% and 16%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Discarding publication bias prevention programs carried out by nurses produce a significant 10% reduction in falls. Education-based and multifactorial interventions are the most effective when conducted by nurses.

El cuidado en la prevención de caídas en personas mayores: metaresumen de artículos cualitativos / The care in the prevention of falls in elderly people: Meta-summary of qualitative articles

Objetivo: Resumir la evidencia cualitativa sobre el papel de los proveedores de cuidados en la prevención de las caídas de personas mayores de 65años en centros y en la comunidad. Diseño: Metarresumen de evidencias cualitativas siguiendo el método de agregación. Fuentes de datos: Búsqueda manual y extensiva en 16 bases de datos (CINAHL, Pubmed/Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, PeDRO, Opengrey [Reports], Cuiden, Cuidatge, Enfispo, Medes, Lilacs, Teseo, Dissertation and Thesis Global e Ibecs), en inglés, francés, español y portugués; sin límite temporal. Selección de estudios: Selección y valoración crítica ciega por pares. Se realizó un primer cribado de relevancia y pertinencia y un segundo cribado de valoración crítica. Se localizaron 4.170 artículos; se evaluaron críticamente 41 artículos cualitativos y se seleccionaron 31. Extracción de datos: Se extrajeron datos relativos al autor, año, diseño de estudio, lugar, participantes (número, edad, sexo y ocupación), métodos del estudio y hallazgos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y temático. Resultados: El análisis reveló 4 grandes temas: factores precipitantes, modelos preventivos, sentimientos y proceso de toma de decisiones. Destaca también el difícil acto del equilibrio ético, el papel de la institución en la prevención y la fragmentación del cuidado, como claves para una implantación exitosa. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos manifiestan la complejidad de la prevención en caídas y la necesidad de incorporar opiniones de los proveedores de cuidados en los modelos preventivos.(AU)

Objective: To summarize the qualitative evidence on the role of care providers in the prevention of falls of persons over 65 years of age in centres and in the community. Design: Meta-summary of qualitative evidence following the aggregation method. Data sources: Extensive manual search of 16 databases (CINAHL, Pubmed/Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, PeDRO, Opengrey (Reports), Cuiden, Cuidatge, Enfispo, Medes, Lilacs, Teseo, Dissertation and Thesis Glob al and Ibecs), in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese; no time limit. Selection of studies: Selection and blind critical appraisal by pairs. A first relevance and relevance screening and a second critical appraisal screening were carried out. A total of 4170 articles were located; 41 qualitative articles were critically appraised and 31 were selected. Data extraction: Data regarding author, year, study design, location, participants (number, age, sex and occupation), study methods and findings were extracted. Results: The analysis revealed four major themes: precipitating factors, preventive models, feelings and decision-making process. It also highlights the difficult act of ethical balance, the role of the institution in prevention and the fragmentation of care, as keys to successful implementation. Conclusions: The findings show the complexity of fall prevention and the need to incorporate care providers’ opinions in preventive models.(AU)

[The care in the prevention of falls in elderly people: Meta-summary of qualitative articles]. / El cuidado en la prevención de caídas en personas mayores: metaresumen de artículos cualitativos.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the qualitative evidence on the role of care providers in the prevention of falls of persons over 65 years of age in centres and in the community. DESIGN: Meta-summary of qualitative evidence following the aggregation method. DATA SOURCES: Extensive manual search of 16 databases (CINAHL, Pubmed/Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, PeDRO, Opengrey (Reports), Cuiden, Cuidatge, Enfispo, Medes, Lilacs, Teseo, Dissertation and Thesis Global and Ibecs), in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese; no time limit. SELECTION OF STUDIES: Selection and blind critical appraisal by pairs. A first relevance and relevance screening and a second critical appraisal screening were carried out. A total of 4170 articles were located; 41 qualitative articles were critically appraised and 31 were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data regarding author, year, study design, location, participants (number, age, sex and occupation), study methods and findings were extracted. RESULTS: The analysis revealed four major themes: precipitating factors, preventive models, feelings and decision-making process. It also highlights the difficult act of ethical balance, the role of the institution in prevention and the fragmentation of care, as keys to successful implementation. CONCLUSIONS: The findings show the complexity of fall prevention and the need to incorporate care providers' opinions in preventive models.

Managing and keeping control: A qualitative synthesis of nursing and care staff strategies to prevent older people from falling.

AIM: To better understand formal care providers' role in fall prevention. DESIGN: Qualitative synthesis as part of an integrative review. DATA SOURCES: Fifteen electronic databases were consulted with the time limit being December 2017. Studies included were qualitative primary studies on formal care providers and fall prevention of people over 65 years of age in health care facilities. 17 studies were included. REVIEW METHODS: Qualitative researchers carried out a critical appraisal and abstraction of the studies retained. Primary studies were imported into Nvivo 12 software; grounded theory procedures of constant comparison, microanalysis, coding, development of memos and diagrams were completed concurrently in a continuous growing process of data conceptualization. Analysis was iterative; it started with open coding and ended with the development of an integrative memo. FINDINGS: Primary studies were synthesized with the emerging core category of "Managing and keeping control" and described by the emerging strategies of risk management, risk control and articulation work. These three categories account for the formal care providers' role in fall prevention in health care facilities. CONCLUSION: Fall prevention is not given by a series of means and instruments; it is rather built in the interactions between formal care providers and the material and social world. The interactive character of prevention implies that outcomes cannot always be anticipated. IMPACT: Although falls are one of the most researched clinical problems in nursing, the role played by nursing and care staff is dispersed and scantily documented. Formal care providers alternate risk management with risk control strategies to prevent older people from falling in health care facilities, they also resort to the articulation of the health care team as a complementary strategy. This review shows the dynamic character of fall prevention, which is something that has tended to go unnoticed in the literature and in policy.

[Active-Murcia program: secondary analysis, with a gender perspective, on the quality of life of participating women.] / Programa Activa-Murcia: análisis secundario, con perspectiva de género, sobre la calidad de vida en mujeres participantes.

OBJECTIVE: Nowadays sedentarism has become a public health issue, as a matter of gender and age. Older women are more sedentary, which affects their Quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Activa-Murcia Program impact over the Quality of life in women participating in it. METHODS: Longitudinal retrospective descriptive study within a gender perspective was carried out, including women who had participated in the Activa-Murcia Program. A SF-36 Survey of Quality of Life has been evaluated, scoring age range in three different stages and the enviroment in which they live. An analysis of repeated measurements was carried aout using ANOVA, and the Bonferroni Test was used for the pairwise analysis. RESULTS: The sample included 1,140 women. "Overall health" dimension improved up to 3 points, except in women over 60. Score highed inversely proportional to their age in the following dimensions: "Vitality" in 9.9, 6.2 and 3.9; "Mental health" in 7.7, 5.6 and 3.7; "Declared health evolution" in 11.2, 8.6. and 7.6. Women between 30-44 years old living in rural areas and those over 60 living in urban areas did not improve in "Social functions". Dealing with "Emotional Role", women between 30-44 and women between 45-59 in urban areas improved (p<0.05). There was a statistical asociation between being highly aged and improving less in "Vitality", "Emotional Role" and "Mental health". CONCLUSIONS: As women were getting older improve less in the dimensions of quality of life; so that could show, among others, an empowerment deficit.

OBJETIVO: El sedentarismo es un problema de Salud Pública, influenciado por brechas de género y edad. Las mujeres mayores son más sedentarias, lo que repercute en su calidad de vida. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue evaluar el impacto del Programa Activa-Murcia sobre la calidad de Vida de las participantes en dicho programa. METODOS: Se realizó un análisis secundario con perspectiva de género de un estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo de una cohorte de mujeres que habían participado en el Programa Activa-Murcia, evaluándose las dimensiones del Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida SF-36 y las puntuaciones según tres franjas etarias y el ámbito en el que vivían. Se realizó un análisis de medidas repetidas mediante ANOVA, y para el análisis por pares se utilizó el Test de Bonferroni. RESULTADOS: La muestra la componían 1.140 mujeres. La dimensión "Salud General" mejoró alrededor de 3 puntos, excepto en las mayores de 60 años. Aumentaron las puntuaciones de forma inversamente proporcional a la edad en siguientes dimensiones: "Vitalidad", en 9,9, 6,2 y 3,9 puntos; "Salud Mental", en 7,7, 5,6 y 3,7 puntos; y "Evolución Declarada de Salud", en 11,2, 8,6 y 7,6 puntos. Las mujeres entre 30-44 años rurales y las mayores de 60 años urbanas no mejoraron en "Función Social". Sobre el "Rol Emocional", las mujeres entre 30-44 años y las mujeres entre 45-59 años de zona urbana mejoraban (p<0,05). Existió asociación estadísticamente significativa entre tener mayor edad y mejorar menos en "Vitalidad", "Rol Emocional" y "Salud Mental". CONCLUSIONES: Las mujeres mayores mejoran menos en las dimensiones de la calidad de vida, lo que podría indicar, entre otros motivos, un déficit de empoderamiento.

Situating Preventive Action in a Moral and Clinical Context: A Qualitative Synthesis on Fall Prevention.

The prevention of falls is an integral part of the safety culture of health institutions with mandatory fall prevention programs set within health care facilities. Care providers are key in identifying the risks of falls and in implementing strategic actions to prevent them. With the aim to better understand practices of fall prevention, we conducted a synthesis of qualitative evidence on care providers' practices to prevent older people from falling in health care facilities. This synthesis is part of an integrative review of the role of care providers in fall prevention of adults aged 65 years and above. Primary studies were synthesized with the emerging core category of "a complex decision" and described by four emerging conditions that make that decision complex: (a) permanent threat of a fall, (b) continuous flow of information, (c) lack of control, and (d) ethical dilemmas and moral issues over the course of action. The present synthesis shows that before implementing preventive actions, care providers consider the conditions in which they are immersed, in this way situating their preventive actions in a clinical and a moral context.

Programa Activa-Murcia: análisis secundario, con perspectiva de género, sobre la calidad de vida en mujeres participantes / Active-Murcia program: secondary analysis, with a gender perspective, on the quality of life of participating women

OBJETIVO: El sedentarismo es un problema de Salud Pública, influenciado por brechas de género y edad. Las mujeres mayores son más sedentarias, lo que repercute en su calidad de vida. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue evaluar el impacto del Programa Activa-Murcia sobre la calidad de Vida de las participantes en dicho programa. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un análisis secundario con perspectiva de género de un estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo de una cohorte de mujeres que habían participado en el Programa Activa-Murcia, evaluándose las dimensiones del Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida SF-36 y las puntuaciones según tres franjas etarias y el ámbito en el que vivían. Se realizó un análisis de medidas repetidas mediante ANOVA, y para el análisis por pares se utilizó el Test de Bonferroni. RESULTADOS: La muestra la componían 1.140 mujeres. La dimensión "Salud General" mejoró alrededor de 3 puntos, excepto en las mayores de 60 años. Aumentaron las puntuaciones de forma inversamente proporcional a la edad en siguientes dimensiones: "Vitalidad", en 9,9, 6,2 y 3,9 puntos; "Salud Mental", en 7,7, 5,6 y 3,7 puntos; y "Evolución Declarada de Salud", en 11,2, 8,6 y 7,6 puntos. Las mujeres entre 30-44 años rurales y las mayores de 60 años urbanas no mejoraron en "Función Social". Sobre el "Rol Emocional", las mujeres entre 30-44 años y las mujeres entre 45-59 años de zona urbana mejoraban (p < 0,05). Existió asociación estadísticamente significativa entre tener mayor edad y mejorar menos en "Vitalidad", "Rol Emocional" y "Salud Mental". CONCLUSIONES: Las mujeres mayores mejoran menos en las dimensiones de la calidad de vida, lo que podría indicar, entre otros motivos, un déficit de empoderamiento

OBJECTIVE: Nowadays sedentarism has become a public health issue, as a matter of gender and age. Older women are more sedentary, which affects their Quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Activa-Murcia Program impact over the Quality of life in women participating in it. METHODS: Longitudinal retrospective descriptive study within a gender perspective was carried out, including women who had participated in the Activa-Murcia Program. A SF-36 Survey of Quality of Life has been evaluated, scoring age range in three different stages and the enviroment in which they live. An analysis of repeated measurements was carried aout using ANOVA, and the Bonferroni Test was used for the pairwise analysis. RESULTS: The sample included 1,140 women. "Overall health" dimension improved up to 3 points, except in women over 60. Score highed inversely proportional to their age in the following dimensions: "Vitality" in 9.9, 6.2 and 3.9; "Mental health" in 7.7, 5.6 and 3.7; "Declared health evolution" in 11.2, 8.6. and 7.6. Women between 30-44 years old living in rural areas and those over 60 living in urban areas did not improve in "Social functions". Dealing with "Emotional Role", women between 30-44 and women between 45-59 in urban areas improved (p < 0.05). There was a statistical asociation between being highly aged and improving less in "Vitality", "Emotional Role" and "Mental health". CONCLUSIONS: As women were getting older improve less in the dimensions of quality of life; so that could show, among others, an empowerment deficit

Emergency nurses' attitudes towards the concept of witnessed resuscitation.

OBJECTIVE: to review the most relevant evidence on the nurses' attitudes towards witnessed resuscitation, in the inpatient and out-of-hospital spheres. METHOD: integrative literature review, covering the period from 2008 till 2015, using the databases PubMed, Lilacs and SciELO; in Spanish, English and Portuguese. The pediatric context was excluded from the study. RESULTS: the synthesis of the data resulted in the inclusion of 10 articles, categorized as: positive attitudes and negative attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: discrepancies exist among the nurses from different contexts and geographical regions towards the concept; protocols need to be established for this situation, in view of the advantages evidenced in the literature, for the nursing professionals as well as the relatives. Witnessed resuscitation can represent an opportunity to understand and cope with the rational and irrational in the situation in a shared manner, as well as mitigate or dignify the mourning.

Emergency nurses' attitudes towards the concept of witnessed resuscitation / Atitudes de enfermeiras de emergências diante do conceito de reanimação presenciada / Actitudes de enfermeras de urgencias ante el concepto de reanimación presenciada

ABSTRACT Objective: to review the most relevant evidence on the nurses' attitudes towards witnessed resuscitation, in the inpatient and out-of-hospital spheres. Method: integrative literature review, covering the period from 2008 till 2015, using the databases PubMed, Lilacs and SciELO; in Spanish, English and Portuguese. The pediatric context was excluded from the study. Results: the synthesis of the data resulted in the inclusion of 10 articles, categorized as: positive attitudes and negative attitudes. Conclusions: discrepancies exist among the nurses from different contexts and geographical regions towards the concept; protocols need to be established for this situation, in view of the advantages evidenced in the literature, for the nursing professionals as well as the relatives. Witnessed resuscitation can represent an opportunity to understand and cope with the rational and irrational in the situation in a shared manner, as well as mitigate or dignify the mourning.

RESUMO Objetivo: revisar a evidência mais relevante sobre as atitudes das enfermeiras quanto à reanimação presenciada nos âmbitos intra e extra-hospitalar. Metodologia: revisão integrativa da literatura, abrangendo os anos 2008 a 2015, utilizando-se as bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs e SciELO; em espanhol, inglês e português. Exclui-se do estudo o âmbito pediátrico. Resultados: a síntese dos dados deu como resultado a inclusão de 10 artigos categorizados em: atitudes positivas e atitudes negativas. Conclusões: discrepâncias entre as enfermeiras de diferentes áreas e zonas geográficas diante de dito conceito. A necessidade de protocolar essa situação, dadas as vantagens que a literatura evidencia, tanto para profissionais enfermeiros como para familiares. A reanimação presenciada pode ser uma oportunidade de entender e enfrentar de forma compartilhada os lados racional e irracional da situação e atenuar ou dignificar o luto.

RESUMEN Objetivo: revisar la evidencia más relevante acerca de las actitudes de las enfermeras en cuanto a la reanimación presenciada en el ámbito tanto intra como extrahospitalario. Metodología: revisión integradora de la literatura, abarcando los años de 2008 a 2015, utilizando las bases de datos PubMed, Lilacs y SciELO; en español, inglés y portugués. Se excluyen del estudio el ámbito pediátrico. Resultados: la síntesis de los datos dio como resultado la inclusión de 10 artículos, categorizándolos en: actitudes positivas y actitudes negativas. Conclusiones: existen discrepancias entre las enfermeras de diferentes ámbitos y zonas geográficas ante dicho concepto; hay necesidad de protocolizar dicha situación dadas las ventajas que la literatura evidencia tanto para los profesionales enfermeros como para los familiares. La reanimación presenciada puede ser una oportunidad de entender y afrontar de forma compartida lo racional y lo irracional de la situación y atenuar o dignificar el duelo.

Implementing evidence in an onco-haematology nursing unit: a process of change using participatory action research.

AIM: To implement evidence in a nursing unit and to gain a better understanding of the experience of change within a participatory action research. METHODS: Study design of a participatory action research type was use from the constructivist paradigm. The analytical-methodological decisions were inspired by Checkland Flexible Systems for evidence implementation in the nursing unit. The study was carried out between March and November 2007 in the isolation unit section for onco-haematological patients in a tertiary level general university hospital in Spain. Accidental sampling was carried out with the participation of six nurses. Data were collected using five group meetings and individual reflections in participants' dairies. The participant observation technique was also carried out by researchers. Data analysis was carried out by content analysis. The rigorous criteria were used: credibility, confirmability, dependence, transferability and reflexivity. RESULTS: A lack of use of evidence in clinical practice is the main problem. The factors involved were identified (training, values, beliefs, resources and professional autonomy). Their daily practice (complexity in taking decisions, variability, lack of professional autonomy and safety) was compared with an ideal situation (using evidence it will be possible to normalise practice and to work more effectively in teams by increasing safety and professional recognition). It was decided to create five working areas about several clinical topics (mucositis, pain, anxiety, satisfaction, nutritional assessment, nauseas and vomiting, pressure ulcers and catheter-related problems) and seven changes in clinical practice were agreed upon together with 11 implementation strategies. Some reflections were made about the features of the study: the changes produced; the strategies used and how to improve them; the nursing 'subculture'; attitudes towards innovation; and the commitment as participants in the study and as healthcare professionals. CONCLUSIONS: The findings throw light on the process of change in the healthcare sector. The results are useful to modify nursing practice based on evidence.

Effectiveness of participatory-action-research to put in practice evidence at a nursing onco-hematology unit.

The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of evidence implementation through participatory-action research (PAR). A prospective quasi-experimental design with two non-equivalent and non-concurrent groups (2006 and 2008) was adopted. The research was conducted at the bone marrow transplant unit of a tertiary-level Spanish hospital. To put the evidence in practice, PAR was adopted as an "intervention studied". The dependent variables were: professional performance and patient outcomes (psycho-emotional area and adverse effects). In total, 125 patients were recruited (1(st) period=56; 2(nd) period=69). The results in the second period show significant improvements in professional performance in terms of the quality of the registers of signs and symptoms. In the psycho-emotional area, the psycho-social adjustment improved significantly; without caregiver burden or satisfaction showing any clear tendencies. Among the adverse effects, catheter-related thrombosis and catheter-related infection improved significantly; there were no significant differences in the level of pain or mucositis. Through the PAR, evidence could be put in practice and the outcomes under analysis could be improved.

Effectiveness of participatory-action-research to put in practice evidence at a nursing onco-hematology unit / Avaliação da efetividade da aplicação de evidências por meio de pesquisa-ação-participante em uma unidade de enfermagem hematológica / Evaluación de la efectividad de la implantación de evidencias mediante una investigación-acción-participante en una unidad de enfermería oncohematológica

The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of evidence implementation through participatory-action research (PAR). A prospective quasi-experimental design with two non-equivalent and non-concurrent groups (2006 and 2008) was adopted. The research was conducted at the bone marrow transplant unit of a tertiary-level Spanish hospital. To put the evidence in practice, PAR was adopted as an "intervention studied". The dependent variables were: professional performance and patient outcomes (psycho-emotional area and adverse effects). In total, 125 patients were recruited (1st period=56; 2nd period=69). The results in the second period show significant improvements in professional performance in terms of the quality of the registers of signs and symptoms. In the psycho-emotional area, the psycho-social adjustment improved significantly; without caregiver burden or satisfaction showing any clear tendencies. Among the adverse effects, catheter-related thrombosis and catheter-related infection improved significantly; there were no significant differences in the level of pain or mucositis. Through the PAR, evidence could be put in practice and the outcomes under analysis could be improved.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da aplicação de evidências pela pesquisa-ação-participante (PAR). Como método usou-se o desenho quase-experimental prospectivo, com dois grupos não equivalentes e concorrentes (2006-2008), em uma unidade de enfermagem para transplante de medula óssea de hospital terciário espanhol. A intervenção estudada foi a integração de evidências pela PAR. As variáveis dependentes estudadas foram: o desempenho profissional e os resultados de saúde nos pacientes (área psicoemocional e efeitos adversos). Recrutaram-se 125 pacientes (Grupo 1=56, Grupo 2=69). Pôde-se observar pelos resultados melhora significativa no segundo grupo, na qualidade dos registros de enfermagem na avaliação de sinais e sintomas do paciente. Na área psicoemocional, o ajuste psicossocial do paciente melhorou significativamente, porém, nenhuma mudança foi observada na sobrecarga do cuidador ou satisfação do paciente. Em relação aos efeitos adversos, tanto o bloqueio quanto a infecção relacionada ao cateter melhoraram significativamente, mas não foi encontrada nenhuma diferença na dor nem na mucosite. Conclui-se que a PAR tem servido para apresentar evidências e melhorar os resultados de saúde.

La finalidad fue evaluar la efectividad de la implantación de evidencias mediante una investigación-acción-participante (IAP). Diseño cuasi-experimental prospectivo con dos grupos no equivalentes ni concurrentes (2006 a 2008) en una unidad de enfermería de trasplante de medula ósea de un hospital español de tercer nivel. La intervención estudiada fue la implantación de evidencias mediante una IAP. Las variables dependientes: desempeño profesional y resultados de salud (área psico-emocional y efectos adversos). Se reclutaron 125 pacientes (1er grupo=56; 2º grupo=69). Se aprecia una mejoría significativa en el segundo grupo en la calidad de los registros de valoración de signos y síntomas. En el área psico-emocional, el ajuste psico-social mejora significativamente; no hay cambios en la sobrecarga ni la satisfacción. En efectos adversos, la obstrucción e infección relacionada con catéter mejoran significativamente; no hay diferencias en dolor y mucositis. La IAP ha servido para implantar evidencias y mejorar los resultados de salud.

Estudio prospectivo de temperatura timpánica en pacientes sometidos a trasplante hemopoyético / Prospective study of tympanic temperature in patients undergoing haemopoietic transplant

Objetivo. Durante el trasplante hemopoyético el paciente se puede ver afectado por variaciones térmicas de su organismo relacionables con potenciales o reales complicaciones. Ante este contexto clínico y cambios normativos ineludibles nos planteamos como objetivos, comprobar si las equivalencias indicadas por la bibliografía se ajustan a nuestra realidad clínica; y, comprobar la posible influencia de la presencia de mucositis en la determinación de la temperatura timpánica. Método. Se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo prospectivo sobre 776 casos en la unidad de trasplante hemopoyético del Hospital Morales Meseguer, de Murcia, del 13 de marzo al 15 de septiembre de 2002, en paciente sometidos a trasplante hemopoyético. En el tratamiento estadístico se ha aplicado el test de chi cuadrado y un IC del 95%. Resultados. La temperatura media timpánica obtenida en el oído derecho es de 37,4°C, mientras que la axilar fue de 36,54°C. Como principal variable relacionada encontramos la presencia de mucositis grado II, como mínimo. Conclusiones. Diversos autores indican que la temperatura timpánica pese a la rapidez, fiabilidad y ausencia de repercusión sobre el medio ambiente está sujeta a diversos imponderables que pueden inducir a errores diagnósticos y en su decisión clínica. En nuestro estudio, los estándares de normalidad han diferido de los obtenidos debido, entre otros factores, a que los estándares están referidos a personas sanas, mientras que en nuestro caso, las determinaciones se realizaron en personas convalecientes con mucositis. Por tanto, dado que el contexto clínico condiciona la fiabilidad del procedimiento, este método no es aplicable en nuestra práctica clínica asistencial(AU)

Objective. During haemopoietic transplant, the patient may be affected by body temperature variations which may be associated with potential or real complications. In this clinical context and due unavoidable changes in values, we established as objectives; to check whether the reference values stated in the literature are adapted to our clinical reality, and to check the possible influence of mucositis in the determination of the tympanic temperature. Method. A prospective descriptive study was performed on 776 cases in the Haemopoietic Transplant Unit of the Hospital Morales Meseguer, of Murcia, from the 13 March to the 15 September of 2002, in patients undergoing stem cells transplant. A 95% confidence level has been applied to the Chi2 test in the statistical analysis. Results. The mean tympanic temperature obtained in the right ear was 37.4°C, whereas the axillary mean was 36.54°C. Grade II mucositis was found to be the main associated variable. Conclusions. Some authors suggest that the tympanic temperature, despite the speed, reliability and lack of impact on the environment, is subject to many uncertainties that can lead to diagnostic errors and subsequent clinical decision. In our study, the reference values have differed from those previously obtained due to, among other things, them being values associated to healthy people, whereas in our case, the determinations were made in convalescents with mucositis. Therefore, given that the clinical condition affects the reliability of the tympanic readings, this method is not applicable in our clinical care(AU)

Effectiveness of the implementation of an evidence-based nursing model using participatory action research in oncohematology: research protocol.

AIM: To generate changes in nursing practice introducing an evidence-based clinical practice (EBCP) model through a participatory process. To evaluate the effectiveness of the changes in terms of nurse-sensitive outcome (NSO). BACKGROUND: For international nursing science, it is necessary to explore the reasons for supporting EBCP and evaluate the real repercussions and effectiveness. METHODS: A mixed methods study with a sequential transformative design will be conducted in the bone marrow transplant unit of a tertiary-level Spanish hospital, in two time periods >12 months (date of approval of the protocol: 2006). To evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, we will use a prospective quasi-experimental design with two non-equivalent and non-concurrent groups. NSO and patient health data will be collected: (a) impact of psycho-social adjustment; (b) patient satisfaction; (c) symptom control; (d) adverse effects. All patients admitted during the period of time will be included, and all staff working on the unit during a participatory action research (PAR). The PAR design will be adopted from a constructivist paradigm perspective, following Checkland's "Soft Systems" theoretical model. Qualitative techniques will be used: 2-hour group meetings with nursing professionals, to be recorded and transcribed. Field diaries (participants and researchers) will be drawn up and data analysis will be carried out by content analysis. DISCUSSION: PAR is a rigorous research method for introducing changes into practice to improve NSO.

[Prospective study of tympanic temperature in patients undergoing haemopoietic transplant]. / Estudio prospectivo de temperatura timpánica en pacientes sometidos a trasplante hemopoyético.

OBJECTIVE: During haemopoietic transplant, the patient may be affected by body temperature variations which may be associated with potential or real complications. In this clinical context and due unavoidable changes in values, we established as objectives; to check whether the reference values stated in the literature are adapted to our clinical reality, and to check the possible influence of mucositis in the determination of the tympanic temperature. METHOD: A prospective descriptive study was performed on 776 cases in the Haemopoietic Transplant Unit of the Hospital Morales Meseguer, of Murcia, from the 13 March to the 15 September of 2002, in patients undergoing stem cells transplant. A 95% confidence level has been applied to the Chi(2) test in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean tympanic temperature obtained in the right ear was 37.4 degrees C, whereas the axillary mean was 36.54 degrees C. Grade II mucositis was found to be the main associated variable. CONCLUSIONS: Some authors suggest that the tympanic temperature, despite the speed, reliability and lack of impact on the environment, is subject to many uncertainties that can lead to diagnostic errors and subsequent clinical decision. In our study, the reference values have differed from those previously obtained due to, among other things, them being values associated to healthy people, whereas in our case, the determinations were made in convalescents with mucositis. Therefore, given that the clinical condition affects the reliability of the tympanic readings, this method is not applicable in our clinical care.

Presente y futuro de la formación en Enfermería deportiva / Present and future of sports Nursing education

Con el presente artículo se pretende analizar el que puede ser el elemento más importante para poder disponer de profesionales capacitados en el ámbito de la Enfermería Deportiva, la oferta formativa, contemplando aspectos muy generales de la normativa educativa española, algunos de los cuales pueden no conocerse en profundidad fuera de los ámbitos docentes, pero que permiten plantear posibles líneas de abordaje y oportunidades de mejora de la formación existente y futura en el ámbito de la citada Enfermería de la actividad física y del deporte. En síntesis, se presenta un sucinto recorrido por las vicisitudes de la formación enfermera en el área de la actividad física y del deporte, resaltando elementos susceptibles de ser utilizados para suplir la necesaria formación de calidad en la misma (AU)

This paper aims to analyse what could be the most important element in order to have nurses trained in the field of Sports Nursing-the educational offer. The paper examines general aspects of the Spanish legislation in terms of education, some of which cannot be known in detail outside the academic settings, and that allow to propose possible approach lines and improvement opportunities for the existing and future education in the subject topic of Sports and Fitness Nursing. In synthesis, a concise look at the ins and outs of nursing training in the area of fitness and sports is presented, highlighting those elements that might be used to make up for the necessary quality training in this area of nursing specialisation (AU)

Alteracion potencial de la deambulacion relacionada con el uso inadecuado del calzado deportivo / Potencial wander upset in relation to sport footwear uncorrect use

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